Karst uplands offer a very unique hydrogeology. With dolines, sink streams, limestone pavements, raised mires, underground cave systems and springs - all influencing permeability - pollutants can find their way into river-beds via multiple routes and avoid detection if this is not considered. "Karst - multiple pollutants" summarises these effects.
Karst upland cross - section
Karst upland showing cave passages conducting water to a stream. Download all images and text (zip file).
Diffuse pollution via fissures and cave system
Diffuse pollution polluting a karst stream via fissures and cave system. Download all images and text (zip file).
Discrete pollution - limestone pavement
Discrete pollution on a limestone pavement polluting a karst stream via fissures and cave system. Download all images and text (zip file).
Discrete pollution-doline
Discrete pollution into a doline polluting a karst stream via fissures and cave system. Download all images and text (zip file).
Monitoring pollution - karst aquifer
Monitoring pollution incidents in a karst aquifer. Download all images and text (zip file).
Karst aquifer - raised mire
Demonstrating the protection offered to a karst aquifer by low permeability superficial deposit such as a raised mire. Download all images and text (zip file).
Karst aquifer - raised mire and doline
Demonstrating the protection offered to a karst aquifer by low permeability superficial deposit such as a raised mire is invalidated by the presence of karst feature such as doline that bypass the impermeable deposits. Download all images and text (zip file).
Karst - multiple pollutants
Different pollutants entering the stream via different routes. Download all images and text (zip file).
